Orthography
explained with IPA
a [a], ae [ε], ao [ɔ];
b [b], bh [v];
c [k][ts], cea [tsa], ceo [tsɔ], ceu [tsu], c̕ [ts], ç [s], ch [tʃ], cj [tɕ];
d [d], dh [ð], dj [dʲ];
e [ε] [ə], é [e][ˈeː], ë [ə][ˈəː];
f [f];
g [g], gh [ɣ][j]: gha [ɣa], ghi [ji], gj [dʒ];
h [h], hj [ç];
i [i];
j [j], jh [ʒ];
k [k], kh [x];
l [l], lh [w], lj [lʲ];
m [m];
n [n], nj [nʲ];
o [ɔ], ó [o][ˈoː], oe [œ];
p [p], ph [f];
q [k];
r [r], rj [rʲ];
s [s][z]: asa [aza]; sh [ʃ], sj [ɕ];
t [t], th [θ], tj [tʲ];
u [u], ue [y];
v [v];
w [v], wh [w];
x [ks]; y [i][ɪ];
z [z], zh [ʒ], zj [ʓ].
ñ :
nasalization
: añ=[ã]
´ :
The mark atop a vowel makes it long – except é and ó:
they are only long in case of emphasis
The rule on the length of the penultimate vowel:
The pronounciation of the penultimate vowel of a word is long without Ékezet if two conditions are met: (1) the vowel is emphasized and (2) is separated from the last vowel by exactly one consonant.
Ạ :
Point below vowel: Emphasis (informal, not a part of the orthography)
A̱ :
Dash below the vowel: emphasis and length without Ékezet, according to the rule on the length of the penultimate vowel (informal, not a part of the orthography)
x̕ :
diacritical apostrophe, without phonetic value, especially for the cancellation of the rule about the length of the penultimate vowel
translated with the help of Google. last update: 16.03.2020
(c) EuroLSJ 2020